Maintaining Life, Functional Characteristics

Hi,

My name is Franz Devantier, creator of this blog.  I am an Herbalist, who uses local and indigenous herbs when available, in preference to imported herbs.  Because Herbalists deal with living human beings, it is important to have an understanding of Anatomy and Physiology, as well as many other related subjects, such as How to grow old gracefully with Stem Cell Enhancers.

Maintaining Life

Functional Characteristics

Now we have spoken of some of the structural levels of the human body.  Now the question starts to rise, as to what exactly does this highly organized, highly complex Human body do?  Well basically, Human beings maintain their boundaries, that is to say the skin marks the outer boundary of the body, and everything under or within the skin is the Human Being.  Strictly speaking there are energy fields that go beyond the skin, but for our purposes, the skin is the outer boundary.  Human beings move, and respond to environmental changes.  They take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolic processes, and dispose of waste materials.  Human beings grow, and reproduce themselves.

The multicellular state of the Human body, and the specialization of tissues into various vital organs, and organ systems, results in the interdependence of all the body cells.  All of the organs and organ systems in the Human being work together for the well-being of the entire body.  No organ systems work in isolation.

Integumentary System

The skin forms the external body covering; protects the deeper tissues from injury.  The skin synthesizes vitamin D.  Site of cutaneous  receptors; pain, pressure etc.  Also the site of sweat and oil glands.  Consists of Skin, Hair, and Nails.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs.  Provides the framework that the muscles use to cause body movement, like walking.   Blood cells are formed within bones.  Bones are a storehouse of essential minerals like Calcium.  Consists of bones, joints, and cartilage.

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression.  Muscles maintain posture, and produce heat.  Consists of skeletal muscles, and flat muscles.

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body.  The nervous system responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.  Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors and nerves.

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use or metabolism, by body cells.  Important glands are the Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancrease, Ovary / testis.

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.  The heart pumps the blood.  Consists of the heart and the blood vessels, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Lymphatic System (Immunity)

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.  Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.  Houses white blood cells or Lymphocytes, which are involved in immunity.  The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.  Consists of Red bone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracic duct, Spleen, and the Lymph nodes.

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide.  The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.  Consists of, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, and the lungs.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units, that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.  Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.  Consists of Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and the Anus.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.  Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood.  Consists of the Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, and the Urethra.

Male /Female Reproductive System

Overall function is the production of offspring.  Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone.  Ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.  Overies produce eggs and female sex hormones; The remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.  Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.  Consists of male: Prostate gland, Testes, scrotum, Penis, and the DUctus deferens.  Female: Mannary glands in breasts, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, Uterine tube.

Franz Devantier,

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The Hierarchy of structural Organization

Hi,

My name is Franz Devantier, creator of this blog.  I am an Herbalist, who uses local and indigenous herbs when available, in preference to imported herbs.  Because Herbalists deal with living human beings, it is important to have an understanding of Anatomy and Physiology, as well as many other related subjects, such as How to grow old gracefully with Stem Cell Enhancers.

The Hierarchy of structural Organization

Chemical Level: The human body exhibits many levels of structural complexity.  The simplest level of structural hierarchy is the chemical level.  At the chemical level atoms combine to form molecules.  For example an oxygen atom O will combine with another oxygen atom to form an oxygen molecule O2.  We are looking especially at molecules like water, sugar, and proteins.  Proteins are quite complex molecules.

Cellular Level: Molecules combine in very specific ways to form organelles.  An organelle is a basic component or building block of a microscopic cell.  Cells form the smallest unit of living things.  So the second level is the cellular level.  Cells can vary quite substantially in their size and shape, because each cell has a specific function in the body.  All cells use nutrients and maintain their boundaries by means of a cell wall.  Some cells are muscle cells, and others secrete mucus, some cells will form the highly specialized function of forming parts of the eye.  The simplest living creatures consist of one single cell, such as the amoeba.  But in more complex organisms like human beings, the hierarchy is more complex.

Tissue Level:  Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.  The four basic tissue types in the human body are:

·         Epithelium

·         Muscle

·         Connective

·         Nervous

Each tissue type performs a characteristic role in the human body.  Epithelium covers the body surface and lines its cavities.  Muscle tissue causes movement.  Connective tissue supports the body and protects its organs.  Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.

Organ Level:  An organ is a structure that is made out of at least two tissue types, although four tissue types are more common.  An organ performs a specific function for the body.  At the organ level, extremely complex physiological (Functional) processes become possible.  In the case of the stomach; the stomach lining is an epithelium tissue that produces digestive juices; The bulk of the stomach wall is composed of muscle that churns and mixes the stomach contents or food; The stomach’s connective tissue re-enforces the soft muscular walls; Its nerve fibres increase digestive activity by stimulating the muscles to contract more vigorously, and the glands to secrete more digestive juices.  If you think of the kidneys, the liver, the brain, an eyeball; they are all very different to the stomach, but they are all organs as well.  Each organ of the body is a specialized functional (Physiological) centre responsible for the required activity that no other organ in the body can perform.

Organ System Level:  At the organ system level, organs cooperate and work closely with one another to accomplish a common purpose; this is an Organ System.  A good example are the organs of the Cardio Vascular system.  The heart and blood vessels, ensure that blood containing nutrients, oxygen, and other vital substances circulate continuously to all the body cells.  Organs making up the digestive system; the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine etc; break down digested food, so that the nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream.  The digestive system also removes indigestible food residues from the body.  Besides the Cardio Vascular and the Digestive system, the other organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive systems.  Some modern sources consider the stem cell mechanism, as a separate organ system.

Organismal Level:  The highest level of organization is the organism or the living human being.  This level represents the sum total of all the structural levels working in unison to promote life.

Franz Devantier,

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Principal of complimentarity of structure and function

Hi,

My name is Franz Devantier, creator of this blog.  I am an Herbalist, who uses local and indigenous herbs when available, in preference to imported herbs.  Because Herbalists deal with living human beings, it is important to have an understanding of Anatomy and Physiology, as well as many other related subjects, such as How to grow old gracefully with Stem Cell Enhancers.

Principal of complimentarity of structure and function

Although you can study Anatomy and Physiology in isolation from each other, you really need to study them together, because they are truly two inseparable sciences.  The function always reflects the structure.  What a structure can do, depends on its specific properties, and the physiological processes associated with it.  Bones provide support and protection to body organs(Function), because of the hard mineral deposits they contain (structure).  The blood will only flow in one direction through the heart (function), because the heart has valves that prevent backflow (structure).  The lungs provide a site for gaseous exchange (Function), because the walls of the lungs  air-sacs are extremely thin (structure).

Anatomy (Structure), and Physiology (Function), are so closely related that we can’t separate the two disciplines; so they will always go together, structure and function, Anatomy and Physiology.

Franz Devantier,

How to grow old gracefully with Stem Cell Enhancers.

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Overview of Anatomy & Physiology

Hi,

My name is Franz Devantier, creator of this blog.  I am an Herbalist, who uses local and indigenous herbs when available, in preference to imported herbs.  Because Herbalists deal with living human beings, it is important to have an understanding of Anatomy and Physiology, as well as many other related subjects, such as How to grow old gracefully with Stem Cell Enhancers.

Overview of Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology help us to understand the Human Body, and are complimentary sciences to each other.  Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, and their relationship to each other.  Physiology is the study of the function of the different body parts, and how they work together to carry out their life-sustaining activities.  Physiology is explainable in terms of the underlying Anatomy, so Anatomy and Physiology are two sciences that are married together, and studied together.  The word Anatomy is derived from the Greek words, which mean  “to cut apart”.

Anatomy

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy is the study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye, such as for example the Heart, lungs, and liver.

Regional Anatomy is where all the structures including the muscles, bone, blood vessels, nerves, skin etc, are studied in one particular region of the body; such as the abdomen or the leg.

Systemic Anatomy the gross anatomy of the body is studied system by system; for example you would study the Cardio Vascular system, as it occurs throughout the body.

Surface Anatomy is the study of internal body structures, as they relate to the overlying skin surface.  For example when you are looking at the bulging muscles of a body builder, you are using gross surface anatomy.  Nurses will use it to identify the blood vessels to draw blood from.

Microscopic Anatomy concerns all the structures that are too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.  For such studies, very thin slices of body tissues are stained and mounted on slides to be examined under the microscope.

Cellular Anatomy or cytology studies the body cells.

Histology is the microscopic study of tissues.

Developmental Anatomy traces structural changes in an individual from conception through old age.

Embryology concerns only the structural changes that occur before birth.

Pathological Anatomy, studies structural changes caused in the body by disease, and are studied on both Gross and Microscopic levels.

Radiographic Anatomy, is the study of internal structures as they are visualized by X-Ray images.  Radiology is a valuable diagnostic technique for bone disorders, tumours, and other conditions that cause anatomical changes.

Molecular Biology, the structure of biological molecules or chemical substances are studied.  Molecular Biology is another branch of Biology, but it forms part of the study of Anatomy on the sub-cellular level, where molecules provide the fundamental links between structure and function.

The most important tools for studying anatomy are:

·         Observation

·         Manipulation

·         Mastery of Anatomical Terminology

For example, let’s say that you are in a clinical situation, and you are observing a joint.

Firstly you observe how it looks, and then you move (manipulate) the joint; through its range of motion, while still continuing to observe.  Then you describe what you have learnt through observation and manipulation with the proper Anatomical Terminology.

Physiology

The most common sub-divisions of physiology consider the operation of specific organ systems.

Renal Physiology, concerns urine production and kidney function.

Neurophysiology, explains the working of the nervous system.

Cardiovascular Physiology, examines the function of the heart and blood vessels.

While Anatomy provides the static image , physiology reveals the dynamic nature of the workings of the living body.  Physiology often focuses on the events at the cellular or molecular level, because the bodies abilities depend on its individual cells; the cells abilities depend on the chemical reactions that go on inside them.

An understanding of physiology also depends on the principles of physics, which can explain electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way that muscles uses bones to  cause body movements.  Body functions such as nervous system activity, muscle contraction, digestion, and etc, become easier to understand in the context of chemistry and physics.  Basic chemical and physics principles are needed in order to understand Physiology properly.

Franz Devantier,

How to grow old gracefully with StemCell Enhancers.

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